Philip Neel: Megszakadt kör: Korai dezindusztrializáció, kínai tőkeexport és az új ipari komplexumok botladozó fejlődése

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14267/FORDULAT.2024.33.10

Az ipari fejlődést és a közvetlentőke-befektetések (FDI) szerepét leíró hagyományos modellek az urbanizációt és az ipari termelés növekedését a foglalkoztatás iparosodásával társítják. Mindezzel azt sugallják, hogy a szolgáltatás-alapú munkaerőpiacra való átállás a fejlődés „érettségének” jele, viszont ezek a modellek nem adnak magyarázatot a „korai dezindusztrializáció” tendenciájára, amely a szegény országokban világszerte egyre nyilvánvalóbb. Ezek a modellek nem számolnak a termelés és foglalkoztatás, a formalitás és informalitás, az indusztralizáció és urbanizáció mély szétválásaival, amelyek a világ leggyorsabban fejlődő városaiban figyelhetőek meg. Eközben a kritikai fejlődéselméletek alternatív modelljei az iparosodás felelmelkedésének kudarcaira és a klasszikus függőségi viszonyokra fókuszálnak, amelyek közül egyik sem magyarázza a manapság megfigyelhető jelenséget. Jelen tanulmány alternatív magyarázatot ad a korai dezindusztrializációra, a technikai fejlődés és a kapitalista fejlődés szekuláris tendenciáinak marxi elméleteiből kiindulva. Az érvelést a szerző a tanzániai Dar es-Salaamban és a kínai Gyöngy-folyó deltájában végzett terepmunkájából vett példákkal illusztrálja. Ennek mentén a korai dezindusztrializáció jelensége azt sugallja, hogy a fejlődés köre a saját ellentmondásai alatt omlik össze, még mielőtt az iparosítás körbekerülhetné az egész bolygót.

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